As energy demand increases globally, driven by the growth of AI data centres, urbanisation and industrial expansion, ensuring reliable and sustainable power has become a challenge. Nuclear—due to its dense and reliable power output—is being explored to address these challenges. But it remains controversial due to waste disposal, safety concerns and lengthy construction times. Using nuclear fission, traditional reactors and emerging small modular reactors (SMRs) offer reliable, low-carbon power. What role should nuclear play in the Middle East energy mix, given the need for low-carbon solutions and rising energy demands? This session will weigh nuclear’s potential benefits against its environmental and societal costs.